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authorLuke Shumaker <LukeShu@sbcglobal.net>2013-11-16 15:25:44 -0500
committerLuke Shumaker <LukeShu@sbcglobal.net>2013-11-16 15:25:44 -0500
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+This document is a little all over the place--I've been working on it
+for a while, but I keep refactoring it as I move pieces of it into man
+pages and whatnot. It's mostly a brain dump, sorry.
+
+There are three parts to this; procedures, "content" guidelines and
+"style" guidelines. The style guidelines are less strict; as long as
+things are consistent at the file-level, I'm pretty happy.
+
+Contributing
+============
+
+I'd love to have your patches! Code should be hackable; if you want
+to modify something, but can't figure out how: 1) ping me for help, 2)
+it probably means the code was too complicated in the first place.
+
+Patches should be sent to <dev@lists.parabolagnulinux.org>; please put
+"[PATCH]" and "libretools" in the subject line. If you have commit
+access, but want me to look over it first, feel free to create a new
+branch in git, and I will notice it. Try to avoid pushing to the
+"master" branch unless it's a trivial change; it makes it easier to
+review things; though I *will* look over every commit before I do a
+release, so don't think you can sneak something in :)
+
+I'd love to discuss possible changes on IRC (I'm lukeshu), either on
+irc.freenode.net#parabola or in personal messages. My account may be
+online even if I'm not; I will eventually see your it, I do a search
+for mentions of "luke" on #parabola every time I get on.
+
+Code content
+============
+
+Be aware of the `librelib(7)` library suite, which lives `src/lib`.
+It is a suite of Bash libraries that will help you out. Most of the
+people looking at the libretools code are familiar with the `messages`
+part of it, which actually contains a much of utility routines, not
+just message printing. There is also a library for dealing with
+`blacklist.txt`, and one for loading configuration files and
+PKGBUILDs. These are common tasks, but are tricky to handle
+consistently--the libraries are there to make things easier. Take a
+look at the man pages.
+
+Message printing: All of the message printing routines, except for
+`term_title` and `flag`, take printf-type arguments. Take advantage
+of that; don't use string interpolation (don't do `"foo ${var}
+bar"`). The reason for this is that if you don't do string
+interpolation, messages can be automatically internationalized.
+(Internationalization is incomplete at the momement)
+
+Message printing: The in `--help`/`-h` text, use `print` to print
+lines that should not wrap, `echo` to print blank lines, `prose` to
+print paragraphs, `bullet` to print bullet points, and `flag` to print
+option flags. The text should follow this general format:
+
+ print |Usage: ${program} [OPTIONS] VARS_ARE_UNDERSCORE_AND_CAPITAL
+ print |One line description of program, no period
+ echo
+ prose |More details. This is a paragraph.
+ echo
+ print |Options:
+ flag | -h Show this message
+
+In the "Usage:" line, use printf `%s` and the value `"${0##*/}"` to
+determine the program name at runtime.
+
+There used to be guidelines for how to align the option flags and
+descriptions, but now the `flag` command exists takes care of it for
+you. Yay for things being easier!
+
+When using `set -u`, `set -e`, or `trap`, you should also use `set -E`
+to have the error handling be passed down to subshells.
+
+Feel free to use `set -e` (fail on error), but be careful of the
+caveats (there are a bunch of them); don't assume all errors are
+checked because of it.
+
+Use `set -u` if you can; it makes using an unset variable an error.
+ - If a variable not being set is valid (perhaps a configuration
+ option), use `${var:-}` when accessing it to suppress the error.
+ - An empty array counts as unset, so if you have an array that may be
+ empty, use `set +u` before accessing it.
+ - The reason for this is that a normal string variable is basically
+ an array with length=1; an unset variable looks like an array
+ with length=0. Weird stuff.
+
+In the shebang, use `#!/usr/bin/env bash`. This allows us to not
+hardcode the location of bash (I'm not sure why this is useful for
+something distro-dependent like libretools, but fauno seems to have a
+use-case for it).
+
+In the shebang, don't pass flags to bash, besides breaking `env`
+(above), it means people will make mistakes when debugging, and
+running things with `bash FILENAME`. Instead, use `set` to adjust the
+flags inside of the program.
+
+Obey `$TMPDIR`. It's usually as easy as passing `--tmpdir` to
+`mktemp`.
+
+Use `trap` to clean up your temporary files. This way, even if your
+program terminates early, things will be cleaned up.
+
+Bash best practices
+===================
+
+Basically, know what you are doing, and be safe with it. The problem
+is that most people don't know about safe bash scripting.
+
+A lot of people look at the "Advanced Bash Scripting" ebook--DO NOT do
+that, it is trash... though it contains a "reference card" page that
+may be useful and isn't trash.
+
+Take a look at Gentoo's Bash guidelines
+<http://devmanual.gentoo.org/tools-reference/bash/index.html>.
+They're pretty good, and cover most of the "gotcha's" about Bash
+syntax. It mentions but discourages the use of Bash 3
+features... why? Who still uses Bash 2? Feel free to use Bash 4
+features!
+
+I wrote an article on Bash arrays
+<https://lukeshu.com/blog/bash-arrays.html>. A lot of people think
+they're tricky, but they're simple once you know how they work. It's
+short enough that you should read the whole thing. Know the
+difference between `"${array[@]}"` and `"${array[*]}"`. And I'll say
+it again here, ALWAYS wrap those in double quotes; there is no reason
+I can think of that the unquoted behavior would ever be the correct
+thing.
+
+My brief rules of thumb:
+
+ - Quote every variable.
+ - That includes arrays: `"${array[@]}"` and `"${array[*]}"`.
+ - In most (but not all!) cases inside of `[[ ... ]]` conditions,
+ variables don't need to be quoted. When in doubt, quote them.
+ - When assigning one variable to another, you don't need quotes;
+ you don't need quotes for `foo=$bar`
+ - Try to avoid global variables; declare all variables in functions
+ with `local`.
+ - Or `declare`; inside of a function, unless you pass the `-g`
+ flag, `declare` makes the variable local.
+ - Use `local VAR` before a `for VAR in LIST` loop--the variable is created in the
+ current scope, not the scope of the loop.
+ - Feeding input to `while` loops is weird because of how subshells
+ work:
+
+ # Input from a file
+ # BAD
+ cat file | while read line; do
+ ...
+ done
+ # GOOD
+ while read line; do
+ ...
+ done <file
+
+ # Input from a program
+ # BAD
+ prog | while read line; do
+ ...
+ done
+ # GOOD
+ while read line; do
+ ...
+ done <(prog)
+
+
+Style guidelines
+================
+
+Unless you have a good reason, use `[[ ... ]]` instead of `[ ... ]`;
+they work similarly, but `[[ ... ]]` is sometimes more readable (fine,
+rarely, but never less), and is harder to make mistakes with quoting,
+because it is syntactic magic, as opposed to `[ ... ]` which is an
+executable which just happens to be implemented as a builtin.
+
+Use a litteral tab for indent. When indenting line-wrapped text, such
+as that for `prose`, do it like this: (» indicates tab, · indicates
+space)
+
+ func() {
+ » prose "This is the first line. This paragraph is going to be
+ » ·······wrapped."
+ }
+
+The `; then` and `; do` should go on the same line as
+`if`/`elif`/`for`/`while`. Also, there is no space before th `;`.
+
+Prefer the `for VAR in LIST` syntax over the `for ((init; cond; inc))`
+syntax, when possible. For example (heh, `for` example):
+
+ local i
+ for (( i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ )); do
+
+should be
+
+ local i
+ for i in {1..10}; do
+
+Of course, if the upper bound is a variable, the C-like syntax is
+the better option, as otherwise you would have to use `seq` (calling
+an external), or `eval` (gross, easy to mess up royally).
+
+Indent comments like you would code; don't leave them at the beginning
+of the line. Example:
+
+ for item in "${list[@]}"; do
+ if [[ $item == foo ]]; then
+ # BAD
+ foobar
+ fi
+ if [[ $item == bar ]]; then
+ # GOOD
+ barbaz
+ fi
+ done
+
+Fauno, I'm sorry. But I don't know how you can read your own code :P.
+
+Some people argue in favor of the useless use of cat, because data
+should flow from left to right. However, the input redirection
+doesn't have to go on the right side of a command:
+
+ cat file | program # useless use of cat
+ program < file # data flows right to left
+ < file program # just right